Volume 2, No. 1, 2025

1 6 St. Raphael’s Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2 7 Shifa International Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding Email: khadijamaqbool940@gmail.com

Citations: Maqbool K, Tehsin A and Riaz MU, 2025. Prevalence, screening, diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus – A minireview. Scientific Records 2(1): 1-9.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.sr/2025.013

Abstract: The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an alarming situation all over the world. Numerous factors affect the occurrence of GDM. Some predisposing factors could be old age, family history of diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, low education and income, etc. The diagnosis of GDM remains contentious, with significant practice variability. The new diagnostic criteria for GDM proposed by the IADPSG and the technological advances in GDM diagnosis have the potential to significantly impact the prevalence of GDM and the management of this condition. Recent advances in GDM encompass improved diagnostic criteria, innovative management strategies and a deeper understanding of long-term implications. These developments are crucial for enhancing maternal and fetal health outcomes and preventing future metabolic disorders.

1,2 National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.

*Corresponding Email: mahnooralvi142@gmail.com

Citations: Fatima M and Azam MU, 2025. Hesperidin effect on heart disorder. Scientific Records 2(1): 10-18. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.014

Abstract: Citrus fruits are a rich source of hesperidin, a flavonoid that has shown promise in supporting cardiovascular health. It’s lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities have been emphasized by several preclinical and clinical investigations. Mechanistically, hesperidin reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators by modulating important signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction are all significantly influenced by these processes, which also help to improve endothelial function, control blood pressure, and lessen vascular remodeling. Supplementing with hesperidin has produced positive changes in lipid profiles, lower blood pressure, and lower levels of inflammatory mediators in both human and animal models. The evidence for hesperidin's cardioprotective actions, both in vitro and in vivo, is thoroughly assessed in this review. According to the clinical results, hesperidin may be a useful adjunct therapy in the management and prevention of cardiovascular illnesses, especially when taken as a targeted supplement or as part of a diet high in flavonoids.

1Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Indonesia

*Corresponding Email: tri8829@mail.uns.ac.id

Citations: Triyanto DE, 2025. Optimization of crystal guava syrup quality through adjustments in fruit pulp and sugar concentration. Scientific Records. 2(1): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.015

Abstract: Crystal guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a promising fruit for processing into beverages, yet its conversion into syrup requires careful formulation to balance physicochemical quality and consumer acceptance. This study evaluated the effects of fruit pulp-to-water ratio and sugar concentration on the quality of crystal guava syrup. A factorial design was applied with three pulp-to-water ratios (30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) and three sugar concentrations (50%, 60%, and 70%), each combination replicated three times. Results indicated that both pulp ratio and sugar concentration significantly influenced total sugar content, total dissolved solids (TDS), and viscosity, although their interaction was not significant. Higher pulp and sugar levels increased physicochemical values, with the highest results observed in the 50:50 pulp-to-water ratio combined with 70% sugar (A3B3), which produced 75.11% total sugar, 77.70 °Brix TDS, and 9.92 cP viscosity. Microbiological analysis confirmed that all treatments met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 3544:2013), with total plate counts ranging from 5.3 × 10¹ to 7.7 × 10¹ CFU/mL. Sensory evaluation revealed that higher pulp and sugar levels improved color intensity, aroma, and guava flavor. Hedonic scores ranged from 6.07 to 6.89, with A3B3 achieving the highest overall liking. The findings demonstrate that crystal guava syrup quality can be optimized by combining a 50:50 pulp-to-water ratio with 70% sugar concentration, which balances physicochemical attributes, microbial safety, and consumer acceptance. This formulation offers a practical guideline for developing guava-based syrup products with high market potential.

1Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Indonesia

*Corresponding Email: simonkami@student.uns.ac.id

Citations: Alkahmi S, 2025. Optimizing in vitro growth of dendrobium hybrid orchids through basal media formulations and coconut water supplementation. Scientific Records 2(1): 26-32. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.016

Abstract: Dendrobium orchids are among the most widely cultivated ornamental plants, yet large-scale propagation is often constrained by low multiplication rates in conventional methods. In vitro culture offers a reliable alternative, but optimization of basal media and organic supplements is required to improve efficiency. This study investigated the effects of three basal media (Murashige and Skoog, Vacin and Went, and Knudson C) and four concentrations of coconut water (0, 10, 20, and 30%) on the growth of Dendrobium hybrid explants. A factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design was conducted with three replications per treatment. Results revealed that basal medium composition significantly influenced explant performance, with MS medium supporting the greatest shoot proliferation, root development, and fresh biomass accumulation. Coconut water supplementation enhanced growth in all media, with 20% identified as the most effective concentration. At this level, explants produced an average of 4.8 shoots per explant, 6.2 roots, and 0.92 g fresh weight. Higher supplementation (30%) did not provide additional benefits and occasionally reduced growth responses, indicating that moderate supplementation is optimal. The findings confirm that MS basal medium enriched with 20% coconut water provides the most favorable conditions for in vitro propagation of Dendrobium orchids. This protocol offers practical value for commercial orchid production and conservation programs by enabling efficient and sustainable plantlet multiplication.

1Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; 2Learning and Educational Leadership Department, College of Education, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 15551, UAE; 3Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2d60, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 4College of Humanities and Social Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAE)

*Corresponding Email: asgharali2878@gmail.com

Citations: Ali A, Murshidi GA, Aldawdahi NM, Almeraisi MM and Alshamsi SK, 2025. Adoption of digital technologies in agriculture: analyzing awareness, utilization and adoption challenges among farmers in district Faisalabad. Scientific Records 2(1): 33-38. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.017

Abstract: Governments are paying great attention and making efforts to promote digital agriculture for increasing productivity, resource use, and sustainability. Instead of enormous potential, the rate and levels of adoption are, however, not consistent across geographical areas and groups of farmers. This study examined the determinants of the adoption of digital agricultural technologies among farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. It employed quantitative survey-based approach to collect data from 120 farmers selected through stratified sampling, including smallholder farmers (50%), medium-scale farmers (30%) and large-scale farmers (20%). Results showed a high to medium level of awareness of farmers regarding digital technologies. A significant majority of farmers utilize smartphones (81.7 %) and the internet (70.1 %). The use of Weather forecast apps was 57.5% and of disease detection apps 23.33%. The adoption of soil monitors, drones, smart irrigation and digital marketing apps was marginal. Was. The significant obstacles in the way of the adoption of advanced digital technologies were high cost, no access, and inadequate training. Findings suggest comprehensive training programs for farmers to raise their digital literacy regarding agricultural apps, as well as their financial support in order to ease their access to modern technologies.

1Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; 2Department of International Business Management & Law, Anglia Ruskin University London

*Corresponding Email: fn.146@yahoo.com

Citations: Nadeem F and Sarwar MF, 2025. An investigation into the impact of stresses on the psychological well-being of adolescents in Punjab, Pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 39-44. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.018

Abstract: Adolescence is one of the critical parts of development, which is associated with changes in physical, emotional and social adjustment. This paper has looked at the effect of stress on the psychological wellbeing of teenagers in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, and how the relationship is mediated by demographics, including gender, socioeconomic status, and residential backgrounds. The study design was a cross-sectional survey of 160 adolescents with the use of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Ryff's Scales of Psychological Wellbeing (PWB), correlation analyses and multiple regression analyses. Findings showed that the most significant stressors were academic pressure and expectations by the parents. Perceived stress had a significant negative correlation to all psychological wellbeing dimensions (Very strongly, r = -0.15 to weakly, r = -0.48, p <.05). Gender and socioeconomic status moderated the relationship between stress and wellbeing, with no significant correlation between residential background and outcomes. These results recommend interventions on stress reduction and the promotion of healthy lifestyles and psychological wellbeing of adolescents through awareness campaigns and stress therapy.

1Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Email: faizi9066@gmail.com

Citations: Akbar, AF and Alsanhani AN, 2025. An analysis of vegetable growers’ perception regarding health hazards associated with pesticide use in district Vehari, Punjab-Pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 45-53. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.019

Abstract: The extensive use of pesticides in Pakistan’s vegetable sector poses significant health risks for farmers who are often directly exposed during handling and application. This study analyzed vegetable growers’ perceptions regarding health hazards of pesticide use in District Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional survey of 200 respondents, data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that farmers were more aware of acute health effects, such as skin irritation (M = 4.12, SD = 0.88) and dizziness/headache (M = 3.95, SD = 0.92), than chronic risks like cancer (M = 2.88, SD = 1.10) or reproductive problems (M = 2.95, SD = 1.08). Among hygiene-related practices, washing hands and bathing after spraying (M = 2.55, SD = 0.61) ranked highest, while use of goggles (M = 1.52, SD = 0.70) and gloves (M = 1.68, SD = 0.74) ranked lowest. Major constraints included high PPE cost (M = 2.48, SD = 0.69) and limited availability (M = 2.40, SD = 0.73). Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations of education (p < 0.01), income (p < 0.05), and extension contact (p < 0.001) with pesticide-related perceptions. Logistic regression showed that education (OR = 2.32), income (OR = 2.00), and extension contact (OR = 3.06) significantly increased the likelihood of perceiving pesticides as hazardous (Nagelkerke R² = 0.31). The study underscores the importance of affordable PPE accessibility, targeted awareness programs, and strengthened extension services to enhance safe pesticide practices in Pakistan.

1Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Email: asgharali2878@gmail.com

Citations: Ali A, 2026. Exploring adoption dynamics of digital agri-extension services among farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.020

Abstract: This study investigates the determinants influencing the adoption of digital agri-extension services (DAES) among farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. DAES play a vital role in bridging the information gap between agricultural research and farming practices through mobile applications, SMS, social media, and online platforms. A total of 385 farmers were surveyed using a structured questionnaire, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression. Results revealed a relatively high awareness level (68.2%), but a lower adoption rate (47.98%), indicating a significant gap between knowledge and practical usage. Mobile phone-based advisory services had the highest adoption rate (68.8%), while online weather and market services ranked lowest (36.1%). Regression analysis identified education level (OR = 1.171, p < 0.001), smartphone availability (OR = 1.518, p = 0.001), internet quality (OR = 1.485, p = 0.001), and perceived usefulness (OR = 1.571, p < 0.001) as the most significant predictors of adoption. Institutional factors such as access to extension services (OR = 2.080, p = 0.005) and participation in farmer groups (OR = 1.506, p = 0.038) also positively influenced adoption. The study highlights the need for improved rural digital infrastructure, farmer training, and financial incentives to bridge the awareness-adoption gap and foster sustainable agricultural development.

1Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agricultural, Faisalabad; 2Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Society, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Email: fn.146@yahoo.com

Citations: Shahbaz MS and Alsanhani AN, 2025. A comparative analysis of farmers' trust and perceptual heuristic for online agricultural information versus traditional extension agents in Punjab. Scientific Records 2(1): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.021

Abstract: This study investigates farmers’ trust and the use of perceptual heuristics in evaluating online agricultural information (OAI) versus traditional extension agents (TEA) in Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of 300 farmers assessed trust across nine dimensions, including accuracy, timeliness, relevance, ease of understanding, comprehensiveness, trustworthiness, accessibility, feedback, and perceived usefulness, using a five-point Likert scale. Results from paired sample t-tests indicated that farmers consistently rated OAI higher than TEA, e.g., accuracy of information (OAI: 4.25 ± 0.70; TEA: 3.40 ± 0.85; t = 17.45, p < 0.001) and accessibility (OAI: 4.05 ± 0.76; TEA: 3.15 ± 0.92; t = 15.80, p < 0.001). Heuristics evaluation revealed that availability, representativeness, and familiarity cues were stronger for OAI (e.g., availability: 4.55 ± 0.60) while authority was higher for TEA (4.45 ± 0.63). Multiple linear regression identified significant predictors of trust and heuristic use, including education (β = 0.22, p < 0.001), access to extension services (β = 0.26, p < 0.001), and mobile literacy (β = 0.16, p = 0.002). The findings highlight the complementary roles of digital platforms and traditional agents, suggesting that blended approaches integrating ICT tools and extension services can enhance information credibility, adoption of innovations, and sustainable agricultural practices. This study provides evidence for policymakers, extension organizations, and digital developers to optimize knowledge dissemination strategies in rural contexts.

1Department of International Business and Commercial Law, BPP University of London; 2Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agricultural, Faisalabad

*Corresponding Email: saeedshahbaz7@hotmail.com

Citations: Yousaf U and Shahbaz MS, 2026. An investigation into the prevalence and psycho-social impact of online harassment on social media platforms among university students in Pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.022

Abstract: The rapid proliferation of social media in Pakistan, especially among the youth, has accompanied the rising concern of online harassment in the world. Students at the university, who are at a crucial stage of their personal and professional growth, are particularly susceptible. But there is a lack of empirical studies in the Pakistani sociocultural environment that measure this effect and its exact psychological and social outcomes. This research aimed to examine the prevalence of social media harassment and its psychosocial impacts among university students in Pakistan. Data were gathered on 00 students from 4 universities in Lahore (2 public and 2 private). A quantitative questionnaire was used for data collection, which was then analyzed through SPSS. Findings showed that 35.3% of participants were victims of online harassment in the last six months, with Facebook (42.8%), Instagram (39.5%), and TikTok (34.3%) being the most common platforms where respondents experienced online harassment. There were significant predictors of exposure to harassment, including gender (χ² = 5.76, p=0.016), time spent online (χ² =18.53, p=0.001), and privacy awareness (χ² =9.81, p=0.007). Regression analysis revealed that online harassment had significant negative effects on students’ self-esteem (β = -0.44, p = 0.001), academic performance (β = -0.29, p = 0.001), and social anxiety (β = 0.51, p = 0.001). The majority of the victims were using informal coping strategies, which included blocking the harasser (45.5%) and emotional support from friends and family (36.3%), etc. They rarely seek institutional and legal support. So, there is an immediate necessity to have digital safety policies and readily available institutional support for students at universities, as well as awareness sessions on cybersecurity and avoiding online harassment, to ensure the well-being of students.

1Institute of Agricultural Extension Education & Rural Development, University of Agricultural, Faisalabad; 2Learning and Educational Leadership, Department of Education, UAE University; 3Department of Social Work, The Islamia University Bahawalpur; 4College of Education, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU); 6Department of International Business and Commercial Law, BPP University of London

*Corresponding Email: g_almurshidi@uaeu.ac.ae

Citations: Khan T, Al-Murshidi G, Majeed M, Alkaabi SS, Almesmari SG and Yousaf U, 2026. Exploring the effects of childhood trauma on adult relationship patterns among Pakistani adults. Scientific Records 2(1): 77-82. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.023

Abstract: Childhood trauma is a serious issue, having long-term psychological effects. However, its specific role in the dynamics of adult relationships is little explored, particularly in the framework of the unique socio-cultural setting of Pakistan, where the family structure, gender roles, and values of collectivism hold particular significance. This relationship is critical to understand how cultural norms are linked to childhood trauma and lead to the development of specific adult relationship patterns. Therefore, the current article reviewed the impact of childhood trauma on the patterns of relationships of Pakistani adults in adulthood (N = 300; age 25-45). Data were collected using a questionnaire and cross-sectional research design. Questionnaire employed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), and the Relationship Assessment Scale as measures to evaluate trauma experience, adult attachment styles, and relational outcomes, respectively. The result demonstrated that emotional abuse (37.3%, M = 3.42, SD = 0.87) and emotional neglect (31.7%, M = 3.15, SD = 0.89) are the most widespread types of childhood trauma, and sexual abuse was the least reported (11.3%, M = 2.45, SD = 1.05). The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there were significant positive correlations among childhood trauma and the insecure patterns of attachment (anxious: r = 0.40- 0.46, avoidant: r = 0.36- 0.41, p < 0.01) and significant negative correlations among childhood trauma and the secure patterns of attachment (r = -0.33 to -0.41, p < 0. 01). Trauma had negative relational results in the form of trust (M = 3.36, SD = 0.84), intimacy (M = 3.29, SD = 0.82) and communication (M = 3.41, SD = 0.79). The multiple regression analyses revealed that emotional abuse (β = -0.32, p < 0.001) and neglect (β = -0.28, p < 0.001) had the highest weight in predicting maladaptive patterns of relationships in adulthood. The moderation and mediation analyses indicated that gender norms, family expectations, and attachment styles were also significant in these relationships. The findings highlight the need for culturally able, trauma sensitive interventions to assist in bringing healthier adult relationships in Pakistan.

1National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 2College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; 3Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China; 4Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

*Corresponding Email: sarawali935@gmail.com

Citations: Sara, Waseem M, Ali M and Arshad M, 2026. Optimizing ultrasonic assisted extraction of proteins from pumpkin seeds for cookie fortification. Scientific Records 2(1): 83-98. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.024

Abstract: This research aimed to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction of proteins from pumpkin seeds for their effective use in cookie fortification. Ultrasonic treatment was applied to samples at varying time duration (10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes) while the other parameter like temperature and frequency remained constant at 32℃ and 25kHz for all the 4 treatments. The maximum yield of (42.23%) was obtained at 25minutes. The protein isolates were then analyzed for their different functional properties including protein solubility, emulsifying properties, foaming properties and dispersibility. Ultrasonically extracted pumpkin seed protein isolates were then incorporated into wheat flour at substitution levels of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% to develop fortified cookies. Different analysis including proximate analysis, mineral composition, texture, color, physical properties, and sensory analyses was performed on cookies. Significant results were observed for proximate analysis. Iron, zinc, and potassium content increased with pumpkin seeds protein isolates addition, with iron peaking at (2.09%), zinc at (2.81%), and potassium at (127.70%). Texture hardness also increased from (43.15 to 51.22), while diameter and spread ratio decreased, indicating denser cookie structures. Color analysis confirmed a decrease in lightness (L*) and an increase in redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) with higher pumpkin seeds protein isolates levels. On the basis of sensory evaluation, it was identified that T₂ (15%) pumpkin seeds protein isolates as the most acceptable formulation, with highest score in color (8.12), taste (8.08), texture (7.71), aroma (8.25), and overall acceptability (7.90). Higher substitution levels negatively affected sensory perception despite enhanced nutritional content. In conclusion, the optimal level of protein isolate from pumpkin seeds for cookie fortification was determined to be 15%, balancing improved nutritional value with consumer preferred sensory qualities. This research supports the potential of ultrasonic assisted extracted pumpkin seed protein as a sustainable and functional ingredient in baked goods.

1Livestock and Dairy Development Punjab, District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan; 2University of Al-Qadisiyah/College of Agriculture, Iraq; 3University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

*Corresponding Email: Hussam.alawadi@qu.edu.iq

Citations: Ramzan MU, Alawadi HFN and Basil M, 2025. Impact of adopting biosecurity and improved husbandry practices on income stability and livelihood security of smallholder poultry farmers in punjab, pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 99-108. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.025

Abstract: Poultry farming plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and food security in Punjab, Pakistan, yet smallholder farmers face significant income instability due to disease outbreaks and suboptimal husbandry practices. This study assessed the impact of adopting biosecurity and improved husbandry practices on income stability and livelihood security among 300 smallholder poultry farmers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and multiple regression models. Findings reveal that basic practices, such as proper feed and water management (Mean = 2.13, SD = 0.78) and vaccination against common diseases (Mean = 2.03, SD = 0.81), were moderately adopted, while stringent biosecurity measures, including isolation of sick birds (Mean = 1.68, SD = 0.88), were least practiced. Adoption of these practices significantly enhanced income stability, with higher regularity of monthly income (Mean = 2.08, SD = 0.79) and reduction in disease-related losses (Mean = 2.03, SD = 0.81). Livelihood security also improved, particularly in household food security (Mean = 2.12, SD = 0.78) and income diversification (Mean = 2.05, SD = 0.81). Regression analysis confirmed that adoption positively predicted income stability (β = 0.412, p < 0.01) and livelihood security (β = 0.356, p < 0.01), while cultural factors negatively moderated these outcomes. The study underscores the importance of education, institutional support, and culturally sensitive interventions to promote adoption, enhance productivity, and strengthen smallholder resilience.

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State Nigeria; 2Anglia Ruskin University London, United Kingdom; 3Institute of Agricultural Extension, Education and Rural Development, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

*Corresponding Email: mf1s37@student.aru.ac.uk

Citations: Sarwar MF, Wudil AH and Nadeem F, 2025. Economic incentives and ecological awareness: exploring attitudes and influencing factors for organic farming among smallholders in punjab, pakistan. Scientific Records 2(1): 109-118. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.026

Abstract: Organic agriculture is being pointed out as an alternative to the traditional form of farming and is turning out to be a sustainable source of economic and environmental benefit. This study examines the relationship between economic incentives and environmental awareness and the attitude and adoption of organic farming among smallholders in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 380 smallholder farmers were sampled using a well-designed questionnaire that was supplemented by 20 in-depth interviews. Descriptive results unveiled that the population consisted largely of males (92.1) and middle aged (44.7% fell within the age group 36-50) and had a moderate education level (28.9% were illiterate) and small parcels of land (39.5% had less than 5 acres under cultivation). Market prices (M = 3.99, SD = 0.92) and government subsidy (M = 3.95, SD = 0.88) were concluded to be the most powerful economic incentives. The ecological awareness was also high and particularly in the domain of enhancing soil fertility (M = 4.02, SD = 0.89) and improving health of reduced chemical use (M = 3.96, SD = 0.91). Correlation analysis revealed that there were significant positive associations between economic motivators, ecological awareness and attitudes (r = 0.482-0.604, p < 0.01). The result of a multiple regression showed that ecological awareness (β = 0.412, p < 0.001), economic incentives (β = 0.367, p < 0.001) and education (β = 0.186, p = 0.001) were the strongest predictors of attitudes (R² = 0.479). Logistic regression revealed that the positive impact on the adoption was significant in ecological awareness (OR = 2.50, p < 0.001) and in economic incentives (OR = 2.10, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that the combination of the monetary and ecological education and collaboration are needed to support the sustainable transitions.

1School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of the Gambia, P.O. Box 3530, Serekunda, the Gambia; 2Business Administration, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University, Sindh, Pakistan

*Corresponding Email: moboye@utg.edu.gm

Citations: Boye M and Agha S, 2025. Understanding the Supply Chain for Bio-Pesticides in Punjab's Rice-Wheat Cropping System: The Role of Dealer Attitudes and Market Dynamics. Scientific Records 2(1): 119-126. https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.027

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62324/SR/2025.027

Abstract: The Rice-Wheat Cropping System (RWCS) of Punjab, Pakistan, is the cornerstone of the nation's food security but faces severe sustainability challenges due to over-reliance on chemical pesticides. While bio-pesticides offer an environmentally sustainable alternative for Integrated Pest Management (IPM), their adoption remains limited. A critical, yet under-researched, barrier is the efficacy of the supply chain and the role of agro-dealers, who are the primary link between manufacturers and farmers. This study examines the supply chain of bio-pesticides in Punjab’s rice-wheat cropping system, focusing on the influence of dealer attitudes and market dynamics on farmer adoption. A quantitative survey was conducted with 150 farmers and 100 dealers, employing structured questionnaires and Likert-scale items to measure awareness, adoption, perceptions, and supply chain factors. Findings reveal that farmers exhibited high awareness of environmental benefits (Mean = 4.45, SD = 0.50, Rank 1) and types of bio-pesticides (Mean = 4.20, SD = 0.62, Rank 2), while adoption was highest for seasonal usage frequency (Mean = 3.85, SD = 0.91, Rank 1) and lowest for participation in training programs (Mean = 2.88, SD = 1.12, Rank 5). Dealers perceived bio-pesticides as effective (Mean = 4.25, SD = 0.55) and profitable (Mean = 4.10, SD = 0.60). Market dynamics showed pricing competitiveness (Mean = 4.00, SD = 0.60) and supply chain efficiency (Mean = 3.95, SD = 0.58) as critical factors. Barriers such as high cost (Mean = 4.10, SD = 0.60) and low awareness of purchase channels (Mean = 3.95, SD = 0.65) were identified, alongside facilitators including affordable pricing and timely availability. Chi-square tests indicated age (X² = 6.42, p = 0.040) and education (X² = 7.85, p = 0.020) significantly influenced adoption. Pearson correlations showed positive associations between awareness, adoption, and supply chain facilitators (r = 0.54–0.68, p < 0.01). The study highlights the importance of developing integrated strategies to enhance awareness, dealer engagement, and supply chain efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable pest management.